African Innovations Across the Cancer Pathway: A High-Level Summary

 African Innovations Across the Cancer Pathway: A High-Level Summary

Dr Esra Hassan

Research Fellow in Cancer

African countries are innovating with grassroots, sustainable, and locally tailored solutions across the cancer care pathway. From prevention and early detection to treatment and palliative care, these efforts utilise local knowledge and technology to tackle disparities and enhance outcomes. This article offers a high level summary of some initiatives and innovations emerging and thriving across the continent.

The African Cancer Context

Africa faces a growing cancer burden, with over 1.1 million new cases and 711,429 deaths in 2020, projected to rise by 95% to 2.1 million cases and 1.4 million deaths by 2040 due to population growth, ageing, and lifestyle shifts. Breast (186,598 cases), cervical (150,066), and prostate (93,173) cancers are the most prevalent, with cervical cancer alone causing around 84,000 deaths annually and accounting for 22% of all female cancers on the continent. Late-stage diagnosis is common, with 70–80% of cancer cases diagnosed at stages III or IV, reducing survival rates (Global Cancer Observatory; WHO, 2022; 2025).

The continent exhibits over one-third of global cervical cancer deaths (The Cancer Atlas). Infectious diseases such as HPV and hepatitis B/C contribute to nearly 30% of all cancer cases, with HPV alone causing approximately 68,000 cervical cancer cases annually (WHO, 2022; 2025).

Only 28 countries out of Africa’s 54 countries have radiotherapy facilities (University of Oxford, Department of Physics, 2024), and less than a quarter had national cancer control plans in 2020 (The Cancer Atlas). Screening infrastructure in 2020 were also deemed inadequate with just seven countries having more than 10 mammography machines per million women aged 50–69 (Nduka et al., 2023). Southern and Northern Africa have lower breast cancer fatality rates due to better access to screening, diagnosis, and treatment facilities compared to Eastern, Central, and Western Africa.

While cancers such as cervical cancer is preventable through HPV vaccination and routine screening, access remains uneven. Yet it is the most common cause of cancer in the Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, 34 out of every 100,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer yearly, with 23 deaths per 100,000. This is compared to 3 deaths per 100,000 in North America. These disparities are largely due to the absence of systematic screening and treatment programmes (Hamdi et al., 2021). Similarly, access to advanced treatments such as precision oncology, including genetic testing and targeted therapies, remains limited, contributing to high mortality rates.

Despite these challenges, African countries are implementing innovative, locally adapted strategies throughout the cancer care pathway (Sharma et al., 2022).

Summary Table of African Cancer Innovations Across the Pathway

Stage of Care	Examples	Countries
Prevention	HPV vax, edutainment, curriculum	Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa
Screening	Mobile units, task-shifting, bundled services	Kenya, Nigeria, Zimbabwe
Diagnosis	AI & telepathology, one-stop clinics	Ghana, Ethiopia, Cameroon
Treatment	Regional centres, navigation	Morocco, South Africa, Botswana
Palliative	Oral morphine, nurse-led services, peer support	Uganda, Kenya, Zimbabwe

Prevention

Rwanda

Rwanda established Africa’s first national HPV vaccination program in 2011, targeting cervical cancer prevention. It vaccinated girls under 15 through a school-based catch-up campaign, followed by routine vaccination of 12-year-olds. By 2023, first-dose coverage reached 90% among 15-year-old girls, one of the world’s highest, driven by a robust school-based strategy. Rwanda’s cervical cancer elimination plan by 2027 integrates HPV vaccination and screening (Binagwaho et al., 2012; Sayinzoga et al., 2023).

Ethiopia

With cervical cancer affecting 8,168 women annually in Ethiopia, it is Ethiopia’s fourth most common cancer. Ethiopia’s Ministry of Health, with Gavi support, launched a nationwide HPV vaccination campaign, reaching over 6.8 million girls aged 9–14 in a multi-age cohort. Combined with 6.3 million vaccinated over the past five years, over 13 million girls are protected (WHO, 2025).

Uganda

Uganda faces a high cervical cancer burden (54.8 per 100,000 incidence; 40.5 per 100,000 mortality), with 90% of cases HPV-driven and 70% diagnosed late due to limited screening. Nurse-led screen-and-treat clinics in Uganda use Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA, 50% sensitivity, 97.7% specificity). This model (VIA) is a low-cost method where vinegar is applied to the cervix to identify precancerous lesions, followed by immediate cryotherapy to freeze and destroy these lesions in a single visit. This prevents 80% of precancerous lesions in a single visit. Integrated with HIV and family planning services, the model targets women aged 25–49 (annually for HIV-positive women), reducing loss to follow-up caused by geographic barriers (median 5.5 km to clinics) and limited infrastructure (Auma et al., 2023).

Programmes like Uganda Rural Development and Training Programme (URDT) ‘Tell, See, and Treat’ in Kagadi since 2017 enhance detection, collaborating with village health teams to mobilise communities and increase participation. However, treatment success rates are unquantified. Low awareness, reliance on community audio towers, NGO dependency, misconceptions (e.g., fear of screening procedures), and limited funding from government have been a challenge for the programme (Auma et al., 2023; URDT, 2025).

 Screening

In many African countries, screening means bringing the service to the people.

Kenya

Kenya addresses its high cervical cancer burden (34.8 cases, 22.5 deaths per 100,000 women) with innovative screening. The International Cancer Institute uses mobile screening units and community education to improve early detection of lung and cervical cancers, targeting underserved populations. Nurses have been trained to perform cervical cancer screening at local clinics. This task-shifting model, used by programmes like AMPATH, has expanded reach and saved lives without relying on specialists. Nurse-led VIA and same-day cryotherapy, integrated with HIV and maternal health services, boost uptake by 15–20%. Mobile units and community outreach tackle low awareness and barriers like transport costs, despite limited specialists (500 OB-GYNs for 48 million) (Amugune, 2023). Uganda’s screen-and-treat model also uses this nurse-led VIA (50% sensitivity, 97.7% specificity) and cryotherapy (Auma et al., 2023).

Morocco

Morocco’s MAScIR and Moldiag developed Africa’s first local molecular diagnostic tests for breast cancer (2021) and leukaemia (2023), targeting 10,500 annual breast cancer cases and 2,400 leukaemia cases. The breast cancer test detects HER2, and the leukaemia test identifies BCR-ABL via RT-PCR. These cut costs by 50% and reduce wait times from weeks to days, improving access. Backed by Africa CDC, they align with health security goals, reducing reliance on imports (MAScIR).

Nigeria

Nigeria adopts a mobile mammography and clinical breast exam (CBE) vans in South-West regions. The Triple Mobile Assessment Model, using 2D mammography, ultrasound, and iBreast Exam (92% sensitivity), screened 1,200 women since 2022, with 43% of detected cases treated. These mobile units are designed to bring screening services closer to women who may face geographical or financial barriers to accessing traditional healthcare facilities. Patient navigation addresses cost, distance, and low awareness. Screening rose 15–20%, despite low mammography use (2.8%) and cultural barriers. Clinical breast exams are also an important part of the screening process, especially in low-resource settings where mammography may not be readily available (Olowokere et al., 2012; Omisore et al., 2023). 

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe integrates cervical cancer screening with HIV, blood pressure, and diabetes checks via community health days, removing stigma and creating a one-stop access. WHO-supported programmes screened 30,000 women since June 2023, with 82% treatment completion at 200 VIAC and 60 HPV testing sites. Village health workers boost first-time screenings by 34% (WHO, 2024).

The Zimbabwe Pilot Program is also underway, utilising TruScreen’s AI screening (70–79% sensitivity) for cervical cancer meaning that decentralized services address barriers like cost and distance (TruScreen). Over 10,000 women have been screened during the 6 months of piloting. For many women, this is the first time they have had cervical cancer screening available (truScreen).

Cameroon

In Cameroon, selected hospitals such as Yaoundé General Hospital have implemented same-day breast cancer diagnosis services to streamline care and reduce diagnostic delays. This offers clinical exams, ultrasound, biopsy, and counselling in one visit, reducing diagnostic delays from 9.9 months to 24–48 hours. This one-stop model, supported by collaborations between local hospitals and international NGOs, aims to improve early detection, minimise loss to follow-up, and facilitate timely initiation of treatment. This aims to address barriers like low income and fragmented referral pathways (Ngowa et al., 2020).

Diagnosis

Artificial intelligence and Diagnosis across African Countries  

AI technologies are increasingly being piloted across the continent to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient monitoring. Innovations such as DataPathology (for AI-assisted tissue analysis), PapsAI (for cervical cancer screening), MinoHealth (for disease forecasting), and Hurone AI (for remote patient support) are helping to address gaps in oncology services, particularly in areas with limited pathology or specialist access. However, there are concerns around data privacy, the risk of algorithmic bias due to non-representative training data, and a lack of regulatory oversight that bring about challenges in AI use and adoption (Akingbola et al., 2024).

AI-supported telemedicine, predictive analytics, mobile health applications, and virtual tumour boards that enable remote multidisciplinary collaboration are all examples of some of the innovations we are seeing.

Example country - Ghana

One notable AI implementation involves the integration of digital pathology solutions in rural healthcare settings, which has significantly improved access to timely and accurate cancer diagnoses where such services were previously limited.

Ghana is piloting AI-enabled digital pathology tools to support faster, more accurate cancer diagnoses. These systems are linked to national registries to build better data on cancer burden and useful particularly in underserved regions. By digitalising histopathological slides and employing AI algorithms, it aims to streamline diagnostic workflows, reduce turnaround times, and improve patient outcomes.

Ghana has also established the Accra Cancer Registry, a population-based cancer registry designed to collect and analyse cancer incidence data across multiple districts (Opoku, 2018). This registry serves as a model for setting up similar databases nationwide, providing insights into cancer patterns and aiding in creating targeted public health strategies.

The integration of AI in digital pathology, coupled with cancer registries, positions Ghana to better understand its cancer burden and to implement effective interventions (Akingbola et al., 2024; Berra et al., 2019).

AI tools and countries of operation (Table adapted from Akingbola et al., 2024)

Company Name	Countries of Operation	Category	AI Tool Description
DataPathology (2020)	Morocco, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal	Diagnosis	Utilising AI & Image processing technologies.  Analyse tissue samples and detect signs of cancer
PapsAI (2018)	Uganda	Diagnosis	Low-cost digital microscope slide scanner. Produces high resolution cervical cell images to be analysed automatically.
MinoHealth (2017)	Ghana	Diagnosis / Prediction	AI system which can diagnose, forecast, and prognosticate conditions (e.g., breast cancer).
Rology (2017)	Egypt, Kenya, South Africa	Teleradiology	A teleradiology platform with AI capabilities. It creates a network of global on-demand radiologists to ensure fast accurate diagnoses.
Intixel (2018)	Egypt	Diagnosis	Assists radiologists in making diagnosis by classifying patients and annotating abnormalities in scans.
Neuralabs Africa (2020)	Senegal, Kenya	Diagnosis	Utilises deep learning and computer vision to transform imaging diagnosis. Algorithm can identify diseases in real time.
Vectorgram Health (2022)	Kenya	Diagnosis	The model is trained on 369,000 mammogram examinations and able to analyse scans in < 3 seconds.
Hurone AI (2021)	Rwanda	Remote Monitoring / Personalised Medicine	Remotely monitors patient signs and symptoms using SMS, and notifies clinicians about Red Flags based on symptoms.

‘Application of AI and Machine Learning in Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics Across African Countries’ (Table adapted from Akingbola et al., 2024).

Author	Country	Condition	Study	Findings
Holmström et al.  2021	Kenya	Cervical Cancer	Utilising AI supported digital microscopy in a resource limited setting to detect abnormal cells in Papanicolau tests.	Achieved high accuracy for detection of all grades of cervical squamous cell atypia. Sensitivity: 96 % - 100 %
Dese et al. 2021	Ethiopia	Leukaemia	Machine Learning methods to subtype Leukaemia’s from blood smear images	>97 % accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the classification of all leukaemia types for both test and validation sets.
Achilonu et al. 2021	South Africa	Colorectal Cancer	Predicting which patients are at risk of prolonged length of stay following colorectal cancer surgery with three different models.	It correctly classified 81.8 % of patients.
Achilonu et al. 2021	South Africa	Colorectal Cancer	A study which utilises supervised machine learning to predict colorectal cancer recurrence and patient survival, a trial of six different algorithms.	Each of the six algorithms displayed high discriminative accuracies.
Nassar et al. 2021	Egypt	Breast Cancer	A model developed to predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence based on individual genetic profiles.	Positive expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was significantly associated with TMB ≤ 1.25, while Ki−67 and triple-negative status were significantly associated with TMB > 1.25.
Macaulay et al. 2021	Nigeria	Breast Cancer	Utilising random forest classifier to analyse risk factors and predict susceptibility	The Random Forest Classifier model gave an accuracy of 91.67 %, sensitivity of 87.1 % and specificity of 96.55 %, and Area Under Curve of 97 % when all risk factors were included.

Treatment

Monoclonal antibody therapies in Africa

Access to monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies in Africa remains limited, despite their proven efficacy in treating diseases such as cancer. As of 2024, fewer than 25% of approved mAbs are available on the continent, which accounts for only about 1% of global mAb sales, despite representing 20% of the world's population. Clinical trials for mAbs are increasing in Africa, with South Africa conducting 77% of the continent's trials. Efforts are underway to improve access and manufacturing capacity by organisations like the Africa CDC (Impact Global Health, 2024).

Regional Efforts

AstraZeneca’s Cancer Care Africa, which launched in 2022, trained 13,000 healthcare professionals and supported 100 oncology centres. In 2024, it screened 160,000 people and diagnosed 6,000 early-stage cases in Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire. Its five-pillar model (clinical capacity, diagnostics, patient empowerment, medicine access, and local data) aims to reach over a million people with enhanced screening for breast, lung, and prostate cancers by 2030. Importantly, its country-specific approach prioritises co-creation with local policymakers, health tech innovators, and community voices, ensuring sustainable change from the ground up (Astra Zeneca).

Nigeria

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly important in enhancing Nigeria's healthcare infrastructure, particularly in radiotherapy services. A 2021 study highlighted that PPPs have expanded radiotherapy access by facilitating the gaining of advanced equipment and improving service delivery. Organisations are actively contributing to this by constructing new facilities, upgrading existing ones, and providing essential medical equipment to strengthen the healthcare system (Anakwenze Akinfenwa et al., 2021; PhloxGlobal).

Zimbabwe

While precision medicine is often seen as costly and exclusive, researchers at the African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST) and the University of Zimbabwe argue it could be especially valuable in low-resource settings. A 2023 study showed that pharmacogenomics (tailoring cancer treatment based on genetic profiles) reduced adverse drug effects by 30%. However, only 1% of participants were African, pointing to a significant data gap and much needed uptake of African representation in precision medicine. The AiBST are establishing pharmacogenomic centres to address the lack of African data in global studies (Stanford Global Health).

Treatment developments underline a shift towards systems thinking and equity in cancer treatment across Africa, demonstrating that context-specific, community-engaged solutions can address the unique challenges faced in the region.

Palliative Care & Survivorship

80% of the global need for palliative care is in low- and middle-income countries. Yet only 5 to 10% of people who need palliative care in Africa currently receive it (African Palliative Care Association; WHO Africa). Moreover, out of 54 African countries, only 14 have any form of national palliative care policy or guideline in place. Cultural taboos around death, poor awareness, and competing health priorities hinder uptake and advocacy. But there has been some progress in countries such as Uganda and South Africa, where national frameworks and community-based models are developing (African Palliative Care Association).

Uganda

Uganda was one of the first countries in the world to produce oral morphine locally, and becoming the first African country to allow nurses to prescribe oral morphine to manage cancer pain affordably and safely. Uganda’s oral morphine programme has helped reduce unmanaged cancer pain by more than 60% in areas served by Hospice Africa Uganda. Hospice Africa Uganda has become a global model for how palliative care can be embedded even in resource-constrained systems. This has significantly reduced cancer pain and served as a global model for delivering palliative care in resource-limited settings (Hospice Africa Uganda; Merriman et al., 2019; Nitizimira et al., 2014).

Other examples

Kenya has integrated palliative care into national health policy and medical training, offering services in nearly all counties and reaching rural communities through mobile teams (Cartmell et al., 2023). Rwanda includes palliative care in its universal health coverage, and South Africa promotes home-based care through PPPs like the Palprac initiative. In Zimbabwe, breast cancer survivor groups offer emotional support, advocacy, and mentorship to women newly diagnosed, showing that survivorship is not just about medicine, but about community. In Nigeria, Sebeccly Cancer Care’s survivorship programs provide holistic support, including digital platforms for patient education and advocacy, addressing the emotional and social needs of cancer patients.

Ownership, Data, and Decolonising Research

In Nigeria, the National System of Cancer Registries (NSCR) is standardising data collection to enable evidence-based national planning (Jedy-Agba et al., 2015;      National Cancer Registry, Nigeria; Zubairu & Balogun, 2023). South Africa, Egypt, and Morocco are investing in domestic production of chemotherapy drugs and diagnostics to reduce costs and improve access (Capmad, 2024). Pan-African initiatives like H3Africa and the African Cancer Registry Network (see H3Africa publications) are strengthening local research capacity by training African scientists and building genomic databases, moving from extractive research models to equitable partnerships. The Investing in Innovation Africa (i3) programme is supporting Health tech startups across 19 countries, particularly those enhancing access to cancer diagnostics and medicines through pharmacy-focused solutions (https://innovationsinafrica.com/). AI-powered platforms like DataPathology, PapsAI, and Hurone AI are helping to overcome workforce and geographic barriers by enabling remote tissue analysis, cervical cell imaging, and patient monitoring (Akingbola et al. 2024).

Conclusion

In many African countries, progress in cancer care is being driven not just by technology, but by community trust, decentralised delivery models, and solutions that are led, owned, and adapted by local people. Task-shifting to nurses, integrating AI into existing systems, same-day diagnostics, and community-based screening are transforming outcomes not by copying Western models, but by reimagining care to meet local realities. Africa is delivering people-centred, context-specific cancer innovation.

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